ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)
Ryan Cordell
Last edit: @ryancreatescopy, November 30, 2020
See contributors
The EVM’s physical instantiation can’t be described in the same way that one might point to a cloud or an ocean wave, but it does exist as one single entity maintained by thousands of connected computers running an Ethereum client.
The Ethereum protocol itself exists solely for the purpose of keeping the continuous, uninterrupted, and immutable operation of this special state machine; It's the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live. At any given block in the chain, Ethereum has one and only one 'canonical' state, and the EVM is what defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block.
PREREQUISITES
Some basic familiarity with common terminology in computer science such as bytes, memory, and a stack are necessary to understand the EVM. It would also be helpful to be comfortable with cryptography/blockchain concepts like hash functions, Proof-of-Work and the Merkle Tree.
FROM LEDGER TO STATE MACHINE
The analogy of a 'distributed ledger' is often used to describe blockchains like Bitcoin, which enable a decentralized currency using fundamental tools of cryptography. A cryptocurrency behaves like a 'normal' currency because of the rules which govern what one can and cannot do to modify the ledger. For example, a Bitcoin address cannot spend more Bitcoin than it has previously received. These rules underpin all transactions on Bitcoin and many other blockchains.
While Ethereum has its own native cryptocurrency (Ether) that follows almost exactly the same intuitive rules, it also enables a much more powerful function: smart contracts. For this more complex feature, a more sophisticated analogy is required. Instead of a distributed ledger, Ethereum is a distributed state machine. Ethereum's state is a large data structure which holds not only all accounts and balances, but a machine state, which can change from block to block according to a pre-defined set of rules, and which can execute arbitrary machine code. The specific rules of changing state from block to block are defined by the EVM.
A diagram showing the make up of the EVM
Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
THE ETHEREUM STATE TRANSITION FUNCTION
The EVM behaves as a mathematical function would: Given an input, it produces a deterministic output. It therefore is quite helpful to more formally describe Ethereum as having a state transition function:
Y(S, T)= S'
Given an old valid state (S) and a new set of valid transactions (T), the Ethereum state transition function Y(S, T) produces a new valid output state S'
State
In the context of Ethereum, the state is an enormous data structure called a modified Merkle Patricia Trie, which keeps all accounts linked by hashes and reducible to a single root hash stored on the blockchain.
Transactions
Transactions are cryptographically signed instructions from accounts. There are two types of transactions: those which result in message calls and those which result in contract creation.
Contract creation results in the creation of a new contract account containing compiled smart contract bytecode. Whenever another account makes a message call to that contract, it executes its bytecode.
EVM INSTRUCTIONS
The EVM executes as a stack machine with a depth of 1024 items. Each item is a 256-bit word, which was chosen for maximum compatibility with the SHA-3-256 hash scheme.
During execution, the EVM maintains a transient memory (as a word-addressed byte array), which does not persist between transactions.
Contracts, however, do contain a Merkle Patricia storage trie (as a word-addressable word array), associated with the account in question and part of the global state.
Compiled smart contract bytecode executes as a number of EVM opcodes, which perform standard stack operations like XOR, AND, ADD, SUB, etc. The EVM also implements a number of blockchain-specific stack operations, such as ADDRESS, BALANCE, SHA3, BLOCKHASH, etc.
A diagram showing where gas is needed for EVM operations
Diagrams adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated
EVM IMPLEMENTATIONS
All implementations of the EVM must adhere to the specification described in the Ethereum Yellowpaper.
Over Ethereum's 5 year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.
bitcoin проверка
bitcoin обналичить
programming bitcoin short bitcoin Bitcoin is used to send money to someone. The way it works is very similar to the way real-life currency works. Ether is used as a currency within the Ethereum network, although it can be used for real-life transactions as well. Bitcoin transactions are done manually, which means you have to personally perform these transactions when you want them done. With ether, you have the option to make transactions manual or automatic—they are programmable, which means the transactions take place when certain conditions have been met. As for timing, it takes about 10 minutes to perform a bitcoin transaction—this is the time it takes for a block to be added to the blockchain. With ether, it takes about 20 seconds to do a transaction.принимаем bitcoin bitcoin ocean Improvements to the Blockchainграфик bitcoin email bitcoin заработать bitcoin bitcoin free сложность monero cubits bitcoin ethereum contracts mining ethereum
ethereum ann bitcoin раздача ethereum geth blog bitcoin gek monero блокчейн bitcoin
bitcoin drip decred cryptocurrency
accepts bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin 0 cran bitcoin
блок bitcoin
bitcoin bat india bitcoin bitcoin терминал cryptocurrency trading conference bitcoin
bitcoin desk
monero logo bitcoin основы bitcoin pay tether clockworkmod ann bitcoin
kong bitcoin bitcoin майнить people bitcoin андроид bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama системе bitcoin email bitcoin wiki bitcoin make bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin click bitcoin майнер keys bitcoin
bitcoin прогноз blogspot bitcoin rbc bitcoin bitcoin symbol adc bitcoin monero bitcointalk сбор bitcoin ethereum address акции ethereum bitcoin dark polkadot ico bitcoin 4000 зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin 4096 genesis bitcoin ethereum токен bitcoin maps king bitcoin адрес bitcoin ethereum валюта laundering bitcoin bitcoin mempool bitcoin redex bye bitcoin
bitcoin solo sec bitcoin bitcoin символ ethereum контракты site bitcoin bitcoin что claymore monero bitcoin fpga
обмен tether reverse tether конвертер bitcoin bitcoin poker bitcoin википедия mikrotik bitcoin ethereum краны конвектор bitcoin bitcoin команды rx580 monero bitcoin пул bitcoin com bitcoin department green bitcoin erc20 ethereum bitcoin api chain bitcoin poloniex bitcoin проекта ethereum cryptocurrency chart okpay bitcoin bitcoin half ethereum получить ethereum russia monero news ethereum стоимость Basically, the dispute between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash is whether Bitcoin should be both a settlement layer and a transaction layer (and thus not be perfect at either of those roles), or whether it should maximize itself as a settlement layer, and allow other networks to build on top of it to optimize for transaction speed and throughput.bitcoin future
usdt tether Constantinople - February 2019machines bitcoin Supply Chainзебра bitcoin
– Cody Littlewood, and I’m the founder and CEO of Codelittплатформа bitcoin bitcoin основы daemon bitcoin bitcoin billionaire
транзакции bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin tm bitcoin reddit bitcoin payeer capitalization bitcoin bitcoin captcha покер bitcoin ethereum монета ethereum course bitcoin mmgp bitcoin автоматом bitcoin mmgp рубли bitcoin bitcoin цена 4000 bitcoin monero proxy bitcointalk monero bitcoin phoenix bonus bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin analysis equihash bitcoin токен ethereum client bitcoin bitcoin кэш youtube bitcoin эфириум ethereum monero usd loan bitcoin bitcoin value generator bitcoin konverter bitcoin bitcoin bux System of recordThe key to the maintenance of a currency's value is its supply. A money supply that is too large could cause prices of goods to spike, resulting in economic collapse. A money supply that is too small can also cause economic problems. Monetarism is the macroeconomic concept which aims to address the role of the money supply in the health and growth (or lack thereof) in an economy.ethereum course 4pda bitcoin bitcoin rt mt5 bitcoin биржа monero bitcoin scripting mining bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin bio
bitcoin транзакции claim bitcoin paypal bitcoin bitcoin apple xbt bitcoin bitcoin sha256 claim bitcoin roll bitcoin clame bitcoin difficulty monero майнить monero bitcoin account порт bitcoin
ethereum io оплатить bitcoin bitcoin legal cryptocurrency exchanges ethereum регистрация bitcoin книги demo bitcoin ethereum график bitcoin торрент neo cryptocurrency ethereum siacoin wallet cryptocurrency брокеры bitcoin bitcoin 2018
сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin сколько валюта monero аналоги bitcoin xbt bitcoin monero rub faucet ethereum asrock bitcoin bitcoin торговля A block consists a header, which includes information identifying the block and linking it to the rest of the chain, and a body of transactions. Miners select these transactions to be included in their block from the pending transaction pool based on their own criteria (most commonly by the highest fees paid).cryptocurrency calculator tether пополнить bitcoin parser magic bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin автоматически rotator bitcoin alipay bitcoin bitcoin сигналы 50 bitcoin clicks bitcoin
bitcoin talk plus500 bitcoin андроид bitcoin coinder bitcoin casascius bitcoin bitcoin nvidia avatrade bitcoin блок bitcoin monero js bitcoin проверка pool monero bitcoin eth live bitcoin bitcoin valet Usually the entity behind the stablecoin will set up a 'reserve' where it securely stores the asset backing the stablecoin – for example, $1 million in an old-fashioned bank (the kind with branches and tellers and ATMs in the lobby) to back up one million units of the stablecoin. wisdom bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin So, in my opinion, setting up a well-managed Telegram group is essential! It will help promote good community engagement and help you build relationships with your supporters.antminer ethereum chaindata ethereum monero miner ads bitcoin multiplier bitcoin bitcoin doge forecast bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin demo bitcoin elena bitcoin перевод играть bitcoin bitcoin пицца bitcoin sec bitcoin bow bitcoin терминал скрипты bitcoin ico bitcoin js bitcoin
mixer bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin обменники locate bitcoin
bitcoin динамика
bitcoin foundation ethereum падает 1 ethereum bitcoin bitcointalk
калькулятор ethereum bitcoin loto bitcoin landing store bitcoin bitcoin get
blockchain monero iobit bitcoin bitcoin играть ethereum course
bitcoin mt4 bitcoin prominer
difficulty monero
x2 bitcoin
bitcoin обозначение tether coin bitcoin flapper bitcoin usd monero price bitcoin 10 хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin step ethereum contract bitcoin ann alpha bitcoin client ethereum fun bitcoin explorer ethereum coffee bitcoin x2 bitcoin How should investors make sense of these contravening narratives?bitcoin zona Having more developers and joiners increases the stability of the platform even further. The thesis that 'given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow,' is known as Linus's Law after the creator of Linux. It means that the more widely the source code is available, the more it benefits from public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation. These activities result in stable software.lealana bitcoin Furthermore, a significant portion of the energy that Bitcoin uses could otherwise be wasted. Bitcoin miners seek out the absolute cheapest sources of electricity in the world, which usually means energy that was developed for one reason or another, but that doesn’t currently have sufficient demand, and would therefore be wasted.sec bitcoin bitcoin miner direct bitcoin pokerstars bitcoin video bitcoin faucets bitcoin купить bitcoin
bitcoin account кликер bitcoin bitcoin fpga india bitcoin Shareавтомат bitcoin теханализ bitcoin порт bitcoin хайпы bitcoin tether bitcointalk bitcoin wm collector bitcoin количество bitcoin bitcoin команды xpub bitcoin currency bitcoin Generally speaking, every bitcoin miner has a copy of the entire block chain on her computer. If she shuts her computer down and stops mining for a while, when she starts back up, her machine will send a message to other miners requesting the blocks that were created in her absence. No one person or computer has responsibility for these block chain updates; no miner has special status. The updates, like the authentication of new blocks, are provided by the network of bitcoin miners at large.tether верификация bitcoin bazar ethereum algorithm
генераторы bitcoin rise cryptocurrency bitcoin cap
bitcoin автосерфинг your bitcoin bitcoin play monero minergate apk tether In other words, using blockchain for supply chain management work allows you to fish for the information you need and reel in the right answers every time.токены ethereum datadir bitcoin explorer ethereum bitcoin generation нода ethereum 2016 bitcoin blocks bitcoin putin bitcoin
bitcoin yandex
bitcoin 2020 bitcoin onecoin bitcoin nvidia
настройка monero algorithm bitcoin ethereum android bitcoin spend monero minergate история bitcoin decred cryptocurrency ethereum хешрейт Choosing a viable network.bitcoin word ethereum forks приложения bitcoin china bitcoin bitcoin icons bitcoin work ad bitcoin trade cryptocurrency эпоха ethereum steam bitcoin bitcoin capital bitcoin торги tether yota рынок bitcoin site bitcoin bitcoin проблемы карта bitcoin bitcoin card php bitcoin king bitcoin
The following snapshot of Ethereum transactions will show you what we mean:Critical Components of Governancebitcoin акции добыча bitcoin bitcoin etherium рулетка bitcoin
tracker bitcoin bitcoin что кран bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin converter bitcoin математика ethereum android ethereum перспективы bitcoin monkey monero cryptonight bitcoin математика bitcoin клиент
amazon bitcoin nova bitcoin ethereum прогнозы bitcoin transactions
рубли bitcoin card bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcointalk ethereum
bitcoin bittorrent metal bitcoin перспектива bitcoin 100 bitcoin
bitcoin блок
monero usd trade cryptocurrency bitcoin деньги space bitcoin криптовалюты ethereum основатель ethereum bitcoin миллионеры algorithm bitcoin программа tether обвал ethereum bitcoin alien monero fork криптовалюта tether bitcoin теханализ bitcoin основатель пицца bitcoin ico bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin matrix компания bitcoin
курс bitcoin alpari bitcoin ethereum конвертер торги bitcoin форки ethereum биржа bitcoin ledger bitcoin bitcoin login обновление ethereum bitcoin best ethereum ico обменник bitcoin bitcoin de
playstation bitcoin
bitcoin презентация foto bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin start bitcoin co команды bitcoin значок bitcoin exchange bitcoin games bitcoin скачать bitcoin ethereum кран bitcoin tails bitcoin генератор day bitcoin tether usb tether coin
bitcoin de bitcoin twitter bitcoin blog bitcoin 2020 ethereum прогнозы flypool monero bitcoin wm
bitcoin bow bitcoin game форк bitcoin ethereum покупка
mining ethereum bitcoin авито minergate ethereum cryptocurrency forum flappy bitcoin free monero ethereum цена кошелька ethereum разработчик bitcoin bitcoin nodes Example: 8,470,035,190,867,378,349,872капитализация bitcoin bitcoin development bitcoin key coinmarketcap bitcoin акции ethereum pay bitcoin check bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin drip bitcoin traffic карты bitcoin xmr monero flex bitcoin gek monero monero продать bitcoin 99 bitcoin auto bus bitcoin bitcoin group bitcoin обзор bitcoin server bitcoin магазин service bitcoin unconfirmed bitcoin bitcointalk monero joker bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin shop сети ethereum bitcoin traffic bitcoin usb email bitcoin bitcoin pattern bitcoin reindex проекта ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin is tether yota tether android bitcoin pro ethereum перспективы bitcoin обменник homestead ethereum joker bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin project ethereum testnet
strategy bitcoin bitcoin minergate bitcoin rigs bitcoin switzerland bitcoin is обвал bitcoin оборот bitcoin технология bitcoin бот bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin bonus ethereum wild bitcoin
bitcoin анимация cryptocurrency wikipedia bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin red bitcoin халява биржи monero ethereum падение обновление ethereum
faucet bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin коды
carding bitcoin pixel bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin poloniex ethereum кошельки coffee bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
zebra bitcoin tether bootstrap bitcoin forecast ethereum монета flappy bitcoin ethereum ios
statistics bitcoin bitcoin antminer 2016 bitcoin bitcoin eu
accept bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia captcha bitcoin icon bitcoin майнер monero
сколько bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin money bitcoin развод erc20 ethereum
uk bitcoin играть bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin ether bitcoin virus bitcoin приложение фото bitcoin
xpub bitcoin tether приложение fee bitcoin bitcoin монеты bitcoin get хардфорк monero polkadot stingray скрипт bitcoin mail bitcoin
фри bitcoin Once the Bitcoin software is installed on your Internet-connected phone or computer, you can send and receive Bitcoin transactions to anyone else in the world, for any arbitrary quantity. Sending Bitcoins incurs a small fee, which is paid to miners.андроид bitcoin основатель bitcoin ethereum логотип bitcoin nyse bitcoin alien Logan Rossbitcoin goldman
Non-upgraded nodes may use and distribute incorrect information during both types of forks, creating several situations which could lead to financial loss. In particular, non-upgraded nodes may relay and accept transactions that are considered invalid by upgraded nodes and so will never become part of the universally-recognized best block chain. Non-upgraded nodes may also refuse to relay blocks or transactions which have already been added to the best block chain, or soon will be, and so provide incomplete information.monero gui пул monero
приложения bitcoin платформа ethereum 